Rising Chronic Disease Crisis Threatens Animal Health Worldwide

Animals globally are increasingly affected by chronic diseases, including cancers, obesity, diabetes, and degenerative joint diseases. A recent study published in the journal Risk Analysis highlights the urgent need to understand and address the rising prevalence of these non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in various animal populations. The research, led by animal scientist Antonia Mataragka from the Agricultural University of Athens, introduces a new model aimed at improving the management and surveillance of these health issues.

This comprehensive study reveals a troubling trend: many animals, from household pets to livestock and wildlife, are experiencing a significant increase in chronic conditions. For instance, surveys indicate that between 50% and 60% of domestic cats and dogs are overweight, contributing to a rise in feline diabetes. Similarly, approximately 20% of intensively reared pigs suffer from osteoarthritis, while the prevalence of liver tumors among wildlife in industrially polluted areas ranges from 15% to 25%.

Understanding the Drivers of Chronic Diseases in Animals

Mataragka’s research identifies several key factors contributing to the increase in NCDs among animals. Genetic predispositions play a significant role, particularly in selectively bred pets and livestock optimized for productivity. These animals often face higher risks of developing conditions such as diabetes and mitral valve disease.

Environmental factors also significantly impact the health of various species. Issues such as nutritional imbalances, sedentary lifestyles, and chronic stress contribute to the onset and progression of diseases. For example, obesity is prevalent in domestic cats, while gastrointestinal cancer has been observed in beluga whales. The study emphasizes that human-driven ecological changes, including urbanization, climate change, and habitat loss, exacerbate these health issues.

As Mataragka states, “As environmental changes accelerate disease emergence, the absence of early diagnostic systems further delays the detection of NCDs in animals.” She notes that while organizations like the World Health Organization provide extensive data on NCD mortality in humans, similar detailed statistics for animals are scarce. This gap underscores the necessity for comprehensive research and enhanced surveillance in veterinary health.

Proposing an Integrated Approach to Animal Health

The study outlines a conceptual model that combines the One Health and Ecohealth approaches, which recognize the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health. Mataragka’s model illustrates how NCDs arise from the interplay between genetic vulnerability and broader socio-ecological factors, including environmental exposures and human impacts on ecosystems.

By quantifying the prevalence of NCDs across different species, the research dissects the mechanisms linking risk factors to disease emergence. It also proposes mitigation strategies at multiple levels: individual, population (herd), ecosystem, and policy. Key drivers of increased vulnerability to NCDs include climate change, pollution, and dietary imbalances, affecting companion animals, livestock, and wildlife alike.

Mataragka hopes this interdisciplinary model will foster integrated surveillance systems for animals, humans, and their environments, revealing shared drivers of chronic diseases and providing early warning mechanisms. By addressing these interconnected health challenges, the goal is to reduce the incidence of NCDs across species and improve overall animal health.

The findings from this pivotal research highlight the pressing need for collaboration and innovative strategies to combat the rising crisis of chronic diseases in animals, ultimately benefiting both animal and human health. More information on this critical study can be found in the November 11, 2025, issue of Risk Analysis.