Korean War Aviator John Koelsch: First Helicopter Pilot to Earn MOH

John Koelsch, a distinguished aviator from the Korean War, became the first helicopter pilot to receive the Medal of Honor (MOH) for his heroism during a daring rescue mission. Koelsch’s remarkable efforts highlighted the evolving capabilities of rotary-wing aircraft, particularly the Sikorsky S-61, which played a crucial role in rescue operations during the conflict.

The Sikorsky S-61, an advancement over the earlier Sikorsky R-4, first took to the skies in February 1946. Four years later, it faced its first major test when North Korea invaded South Korea on June 25, 1950. Among the pilots who demonstrated the helicopter’s potential was John Koelsch, born on December 22, 1923, in London, England, to American parents. His family relocated to Briarcliff Manor, New York, when he was just a year old.

Koelsch began his college education at Princeton University on September 1, 1941. However, with the United States entering World War II, he enlisted in the United States Naval Reserve on September 14, 1942, and shifted his focus to aviation. He earned his ensign’s commission on October 23, 1944, serving in the Pacific theater and flying TBM Avengers.

After the war, Koelsch returned to Princeton and completed his degree in 1949. Initially planning a career in law, he quickly pivoted back to military service when the Korean conflict erupted. He applied for a transfer from reserve to active duty, transitioning to helicopter operations.

While stationed aboard the USS Princeton, Koelsch distinguished himself by rescuing crew members and developing innovative devices to assist in operations during the harsh winter conditions in Korea. His efforts culminated in a memorable mission on July 3, 1951, when Koelsch was tasked with rescuing Marine Captain James V. Wilkins, whose Vought F4U Corsair had been downed by North Korean anti-aircraft fire.

Despite the perilous circumstances, including thick clouds and heavy enemy fire, Koelsch and his crewmate, Petty Officer 3rd Class George Neal, launched their helicopter into hostile territory. The duo managed to locate Wilkins, who had sustained severe injuries. Neal bravely descended to assist Wilkins but, as they attempted to lift off, enemy fire struck their helicopter, forcing it to crash on a mountaintop.

Miraculously, Koelsch and Neal survived the crash, and for the next nine days, Koelsch provided care to Wilkins with limited resources until they were discovered and taken prisoner. While Koelsch faced brutal interrogation, he remained steadfast, refusing to divulge information. Tragically, records indicate that he succumbed to malnutrition and dysentery on October 16, 1951, while still in captivity.

On August 3, 1955, Koelsch was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor, marking a historic moment as he became the first helicopter pilot to receive this prestigious accolade. In addition, he was honored with the Purple Heart and the POW Medal. On June 8, 1965, the U.S. Navy named a destroyer escort after him, the Koelsch (DE-1049), which was later redesignated as a missile frigate (FF-1049) in 1975.

Neal, who also made history as one of the first Black helicopter crewmen in the Navy, received the Navy Cross for his courage during the rescue. He passed away on December 1, 2016, at the age of 86. Both Koelsch and Neal were interred at Arlington National Cemetery, a testament to their bravery and service.

Koelsch’s legacy endures as a symbol of heroism and innovation in military aviation, paving the way for future generations of aviators. His story serves as a reminder of the sacrifices made by those who serve in the armed forces and the advancements in technology that have transformed military operations.